The tutorial considers beams with flat intensity and phase profiles. The flat-top beams are constructed as a superposition of the lowest-order Hermite—Gauss modes (rectangular shape) or Laguerre—Gauss modes (circular shape). Explicit expressions for the beam complex amplitude and the superposition coefficients are presented. Also, the Fourier transform of the obtained profiles is calculated. The lower bound on power losses is derived when the beam is formed by phase-only holograms.
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